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The vocalizations of humans, bats, whales, seals and songbirds are vastly different from each other. Humans and birds, for example, are separated by some 300 million years of evolution. Still, scientists studying how these animals learn to "speak" have time and again seen surprising similarities in the connections in brain regions that support this vocal learning.

In a paper in the prestigious journal Science today, a multi-institutional team led by scientists at Â鶹´å and University of California at Berkeley found parts of the genome, both within genes and outside of them, that evolved and are associated with vocal learning across mammals.

Employing a machine learning approach called TACIT on the 's Bridges-2 system, the laboratory of , an Associate Professor in the at Carnegie Mellon, identified 50 gene regulatory elements from the brains of humans, bats, whales, and seals that have a much more persuasive link to vocalization. Regulatory elements are DNA sequences outside the actual genes that direct what genes are active in which tissues.

Scientists have come to understand that regulatory elements play a big role in the evolution of behaviors.  But studying them has been much more difficult than studying the genes.

"To study the gene regulatory elements, we needed to build a map of which ones are active in the relevant brain region of species with vocal learning behavior," said Pfenning, a corresponding author in the new study.

That relevant brain region was found through experiments conducted in the laboratory of , another corresponding author, at UC Berkeley. They found evidence that a specific part of the Egyptian fruit bat brain has similar neural connections to the part of the human brain that controls speech production.

"The types of cells that form long range connections in the human and bat brain are the same ones that we discovered as most relevant to vocal learning based on the genetic analysis," Pfenning said. "The anatomy and genetics are both pointing to the same mechanism underlying the evolution of vocal learning across mammals and speech production in humans."

Both vocal learning-associated genes and the gene regulatory elements discovered in this study tend to be in parts of the genome related to autism spectrum disorder. This suggests that studying the evolutionary history of the human genome can provide clues about how they influence human health.

This highly interdisciplinary research was based on funding and support from Â鶹´å's , Mellon College of Science, and the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences through the university's Neuroscience Institute.