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R Y &!;$R Z U[z'cK#-wc:Z=MS^MMfG  XX8;J4433+23 % 23J 23 3M"  '2 h \&!\> Z\  #-Z\  9 #%" i !  ) h+[, ()i1W-& &    !  *a_\b$^W4kk8"2$ !zgMsgG8"b$Pq 29iD7*23$b$`3--|- ^l*-.$b$q#ѨI`Å$9,5b$mUےݓTA#:.b$O8:N)b  b$<0C3il 2$"]|a[ɺn o'2$ɰYǟ"52$>9qƯEެ;2$Y*12E;w Bb$ ͅ.=R e ?iO$$$b${bWy N,+b$+kڦ*o֏)$b$3\QsP +' Իb$`Cʃ` b$4=͆OPru? b$0 ) ~ɒ$LBb$H+BkSb$㈹DßNJ NCp*hb$ԧT>dxs-b$W(x ˌ < 0 L$b${[r y5i|b$E=5zYLzb$R<]Z75C $2$\u@ħRKN $b$ N[q Bn r2$ D+!% 0e0e     A@  A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| ;5ev3x@,g4FdFdv 0ppp <4BdBd 0,<4!d!d 0,g4ddv 0pp0 pLuʚ;2Nʚ;<4dddd{ 0:2___PPT9/ 0?d PKarsten Neuhoff, University of CambridgeO =p%_%Allocation of CO2 Emission Allowances&U&( ;)European strategy to reduce CO2 emissions$* 38Instrument I: Industry self regulation Example Germany9)21Development of Energy intensity from 1971 to 200022 2 4*^Instruments CO2 price & increasing energy costs$0 6=Implied CO2 price varies widely between sectors and countries54And inertia / transaction costs need to be addressedEU Commission Green Paper 2000: technical potential for improved energy efficiency of 40% EU Commission Green Paper: >18% potential for cost effective improvements*v2ZN=\Instrument CO2 price & changing relative costs$/  <*Technology cost reductions with deploymentZTechnology Policy  separate from CO2 trading$.$ Renewable contribution Quotas EU commitment: 13.9% (97 ) to 22% (10 ) Implemented using national policy So far only feed in delivered (DK, D, ES) Some renewable RDD programs Transport of energy / transport fuel H2, 2 bil.Euro in 6th framework/ in US $1.7 bil. Carbon Sequestration/nuclear perceived as marginal Public concerns about leakage|A13|A3 ,#S!Emission Trading Scheme and Kyoto@"bETS independent of Kyoto entering into force ETS set up to comply with Kyoto targets Russian signature (seems quite secure) Would start Kyoto Will Russia/Ukraine oversupply? CO2 allowance trade only at state level Review if member state import more than 6% of allowances. Limit imports to keep carbon price up US participation would increase carbon priceH|-|4-%The ETS System: A Four Level Approach%CAverage cap and BAU emissions compared to Kyoto commitment for 2006&Issues about the NAPsIncentive for countries to allocate more rights Value of rights for national industry/auction Impact on EU emission price -> cost of inappropriate adjustment Objective of Commission to implement mechanism on time (January 2005)60nF0nF'Allocation plansHPolitical economy  buy in of companies SO2/NOx: In US  lump sum to incumbents. CO2: higher value + politicians equity concern Explicit updating NAPs defined till 2007, Kyoto till 2012 Implicit updating regarding future allocation New Entrant provisions Regional competition or Coal support?(.&*",(.& ,,c!%Empirical - Impact of CO2 allowances$&  O5Comparing marginal costs of coal and gas-fired plant 64!N2Net cashflow impact with auctioned emission rights '"+UK - change of CO2 emission with regulation$,#+UK - change of SO2 emission with regulation$,G4UK - cost of implementing Carbon Constraint - StaticCImpact of updating IDOne time updatingEContinuous updatingF Quantification of CO2 constraint$! $/Cost of implementing Carbon Constraint - StaticH(Allocation of Allowances to new entrantsI'Impact of the amount of free allocationJGovernment strict on quotaKGovernment stabilises priceL1Impact of Allocation Rules on UK Wholesale Prices?/Impact of competing countries not participatingConcerns for competitiveness of EU industry Could particularly affect location decisions Hence provisions for allocation of allowances to new entrants in NAPs (for 2005-2007) Distortions of technology choice (Germany) Distortions of location choice (between countries) Long-term commitment reduces policy options How many reserves to retain for entrants? Updating provisions  reduce effectiveness6++@)Requirement to implement stringent policyEEmission trading only works if No updating: allowance price=opportunity cost Minimise allocation to new entrants EU Energy intensive industry will lobby against high CO2 prices if they are unilateral US Energy intensive industry will increase lobby against CO2 constraints if they can free ride We need border tax adjustmentZRR7ZBA-Border Tax Adjustment for CO2 allowance costs$.~Reimburse exporter for allowance costs Add import tax for avoided CO2 allowance costs Allows for internalisation of externalities Treatment similar to value added tax Other regions can apply it (e.g. Canada) But product not process based Focus on energy intensive component Small transaction costs Based on best available technology Simple monitoring / tariff setting WTO compatible|ZGZ$Z^ZZDbG$^M Conclusion ETS in place and starting January 2005 Covers emissions from large installations Technology policy separate (and needs to be) To get industry buy in: Free allocation Politicians then required Updating New entrant allocation Result are likely Allowance prices look higher -> don t be fooled! Distortions in investment decisions. Border tax adjustment could allow for higher CO2 price levels.:V?:V.  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@x?" dd@  " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> D(    T&e&e t  T Click to edit Master title style! !  N8&e&e   B* 4  N ?   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S`  Hy޽h޽h ? Ƅ̙33 Default Design0 @(  ,htme   N~d d  28  ~ x* >>>]]||  N~d d  f 8 ~ z* >>>]]||d  c $ ?4d  ~4  N~d d   6b ~ RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  T8+d d  (2`  ~ x* >>>]]||  T+d d  (f ` + z* >>>]]||H  0bf@ ? ̙33 H0(  H H Tl$+d d  ( `  + X  >>>]]|| H TP-+d d  (f ` + `* >>>]]||H H 0bf@ ? ̙33 0 U( w l  C  f p f    Hf ?% Y  R Karsten Neuhoff$   H_f ?@ Pt  IUniversity of Cambridge8    B8A ? t   Tf ?O \The Cambridge-MIT Institute$5e  Tؔf ?p  u'鶹 October 2004(( @`T  S A"p  T$f ?  k9In collaboration with Kim Keats, ICF Consulting, London.*::  Tءf ?P@  p>* But this presentation does not necessarily reflect his view.?? H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙330  p(  r  S t     NԒ ? AJ  @European Climate Change Program 2000 Bonn/Marrakech/EU required delivery of Kyoto targets After criticising US, policymakers had to show action Failure of voluntary commitments in 1990 T%  % H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33   z r   (  x  c $lx`t      c $yB   RCO2: 2000 industry promised 20 Mtones reductions by 2005  so far only increase Industry option to avoid renewables legislation by achieving quota (1990) Education quotas at firm level Price stability with Euro introduction Self-regulation of energy sector Cigarette advertising/ product labelling$*'  Tl ?-  4Source: Kontraste.de, Axel Friedrich Umweltbundesamt55, z 0q  ,$D0~  N ? XN @0   @0 ~  N ?@08    Z( ?vQq 6failed@   Np ? q P Lacks sanctions: free riding in sector BUT good to delay state interventionNQ 2  H  0޽h ? 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F2  S ̙̙m F2  S ̙̙ F2   S ̙̙ + F2 ! S ̙̙Y x F2 " S ̙̙ F2 # S ̙̙  !F2 $ S ̙̙E c /F2 % S ̙̙! =F2 & S ̙̙B ^F2 ' S ̙̙g0 O F2 ( S ̙̙q} F2 ) S ̙̙ F2 * S ̙̙z 5  + 6B b  E0( , 6! qX  G0,1( - 6: q  G0,2( . 6(qP G0,3( / 6\,-q G0,4( 0 60qC G0,5( 1 64 5Qr  H1970( 2 6d8 D`r  H1980( 3 6 < O k r  H1990( 4 64@ ^ z r  H2000( 5 <LDvR   Mtoe/mld USD( ,:B 6 3 54 7 #   8:B 8 3 :B 9 3 *:B :@ 3 *:B ; 3 :B < 3 :B = 3 * > 6JO~ KAustria(:B ? 3 54 @ #  :B A 3 :B B 3 :B C@ 3 :B D 3  E 6POH" KBelgium(:B F 3 M5NF G S ?[ H 6UO JFrance(:B I 3 5F J S  K 6TZOx; KGermany(:B L 3 3fe5fF M S 3f3f`j N 6^-OG GJPN(:B O 3 54 P #   :B Q 3 :B R 3 :B S@ 3 :B T 3  U 6cOP FUK(:B V 3 ̙z5{F2 W S ̙̙l X 6hBOZ GUSA(3 Y HXm ?"  CSource: Miroslav Honzk, GDP is translated using PPP, Prices of 95D 2D.  , b Z H|q ?&P Oil price spike in 1970 s increased energy efficiency far more than climate debate of 1990 s.^^H  0޽h ? ̙33U UxU@U(    s *ft  f W'The economy can change energy intensity((:B  3   :B  3   :B  3 ] ^ :B  3 :B  3  :B  3 ef:B   3 @   C i+U4B   # U4B   # UV4B   #   4B  #   4B  # ] ^ 4B  # 4B  #  4B  # ef4B  # 4B  # UV4B  # Uw4B  # Uw4B  # Uw4B  # Uw4B  # Ur s w4B  # UQ R w4B  # U0 1 w4B  # Uw4B  # Uw4B  # Uw4B  # Uw   BCZDE0F8i+ J*;M cio|0Z@s ! 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BhC@DEFi+4h 4@ 4 @` @ BhC?DEFi+4h 4? 4 @` A BhC?DEFi+4h4?4 @`; < p z  B BhC@DEFi+4h 4@ 4 @`O& C BhC@DEFi+4h 4@ 4 @`7 Qw  D BhC?DEFi+4h 4? 4 @` >  E BhC?DEFi+4h 4? 4 @` -  F BhC?DEFi+4h 4? 4 @` = G BhC?DEFi+4h 4? 4 @` X  H BhC?DEFi+4h4?4 @` .bB  I BhC@DEFi+4h 4@ 4 @` 1  J BhC?DEFi+4h 4? 4 @`y I  K BhC?DEFi+4h 4? 4 @` L BhC?DEFi+4h4?4 @`xh M BhC?DEFi+4h4?4 @`   N BhC?DEFi+4h 4? 4 @`   O BhC?DEFi+4h4?4 @`S E  P 6f A0$ Q 6fm *  C200$ R 6f *J  C400$ S 6 *  C600$ T 6t* C800$ U 6S D1000$ V 6` $ D1200$ W 6} D1400$ X 6 > D0.00$ Y 6|^> D0.10$ Z 6\d=> D0.20$ [ 6D> D0.30$ \ 6#$ > D0.40$ ] 6' > D0.50$ ^ 6\* > D0.60$ _ 6.> D0.70$ ` 6p2z> D0.80$ a 66Z> D0.90$ b 6:`9> D1.00$ c 6>< v4average energy intensity (kg oil equivalent/$95 GDP)&54 d <Bil  \average energy price $/toe&4 e #  T y f 6G g  *Best fit constant price elaticity of -1.0 $+*   g 6XL g  a!(S.E. 0.14), R2 = 0.69 (Excl CEE)$"!BL    h# | <B iB # 7  j rBhCPDEFPh @` Q  4 k # d   l 6Qp -  CSVK$ 4 m #  U  n 6U 6  CCZE$ 4 o #    p 60Z u  CPOL$ 4 q #  ^ 3  r 6J p 0 x  CHUN$ 4 s # # o D  t 6Xb/ @  CKOR$ 4 u #  _ /  v 6f q , u  CCAN$ 4 w # i& x 6(ku8 CDEN$ 4 y # 7 z 6o CNOR$ 4 { # =w | 68tIp CJPN$ 4 } # CE ~ 64xO8 CITA$ 4  # Bc  6|NY CSUI$ 4  # :  6  CAUT$ 4  # b&q  6$t R CLUX$ 4  # h a   6dt T  BUK$ 4  # h -   6t ?  BNZ$ 4  # J B    6V T   CUSA$ 4  # |     6ȕ   CTUR$ 4  #  S   6<) d  CFIN$ 4  #    6䇟 CSWE$ 4  # J \   6dV V  CBEL$ 4  # / !   6䦟; 3  CMEX$   T  ? XCross-section relation between average energy intensity and average energy price 1993-99&YX  T诟 ?7 hSource: Nebwery 2003 F       ~2  N ?    T ?  8Inertia?   T ?u  ^*Instrument 2 & pricesH  0޽h ? ̙33  SKd(  dr d # J0e0e    B) CDEF l d @ 5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||e) % . @ w d  F0e0e    B CDE(F @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| a1bkn (  @     ,$D0 l    d ,$D0z d # J0e0e    B) CDEF   d @ 5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||e) % . @w n d  >0e0e    B% CDEF l d @ A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||e% n% . @w v d  F0e0e    B CDE(F @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| a1bkn (  @      x d c $Ut   pB d HD? w[ pB d HD?  d TW ? ]  1t d TD[ ?{6 B$/tCO2    d T0_ ?   @Allowance price d Txb ?   JEnergy efficiency measuresH d 0޽h ? Ƅ̙337  77gh77(  d  <A ?x  c $t+     T ?n KExample: Diesel J  HX ?`8 Source: EU Commission (Stand 2002/Deutschland 2003); American Petroleum Institute 2004, Energy Information Administration, 2004& 270F H<X  <^n  <b~ +  BUK$N  S  $ N   S $ N   S \" N   S B! N   S ! 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Ƅ̙33  0(  x  c $Tst   ~  s *t     HDu_ж_ж?"6@ NNN?NhGb < CCLA s were far more likely to have taken action to improve energy efficiency & 87% of CCLA firms had taken action or were planning to do so compared with 42% of non-CCLA firms Source: CBI/EEF review of CCL, October 20024 - , ( H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33v  &p(  x  c $Vt   pB  HD? w[ pB  HD?   TX ? ]  1tn   F0e0e    B CDE(F @  8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| a1bkn (  @   ] <   c 0e0e    Bw CSDEF; 8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||w@ w S@       T<\ ?{6 B$/tCO2     T` ?Y _  @Allowance price   Tc ? 9  : Renewables o   T0h ?ztM,$D0 qCO2 pricing is unlikely to unlock new renewable technologies. But reduces costs of strategic deployment programs.*r o:l  C)  C ) ,$D0  c 0e0e    Bw CSDEF; 8c 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E||w@ w S@   )   Hf ? C/  l<Renewables without technology support for initial deployment==H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33&  `f(  r  S  Pt   j  B ?lB  C A?g!H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  H@P(  r  S LBt   x  c $C    TG ?&q "tSource: Directive 2001/77/EC , http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htmuu t**H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  @$(  r  S H=t   r  S >4  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33)  0i(  ~  s *t   7F Hd  HdN H  H  Np jJ?Hp > EU MS 1... (2   N jJ?p  L & DE...$(2  N2 jJ?  > ...EU MS n (2 N H    H8 d   N jJ?H p  A Install. 1...(2   N jJ?p  R& Install. X...(2   N jJ?   J& Install. n (2    N  jJ?Hp ? Residential (2    HjJ?p  I ET Sector$ (2   N jJ?  = Transport (2   N jJ?Hr   <Sector 1 (2   HXjJ?r   <Sector X (2   N jJ?r x  <Sector n (2   N4! jJ?P r   ;Reserve(2~B B ND?Hp~B  ND? ~B  ND?Hpp ~B  ND? p h ~B  ND? P p ~B  ND? p ~B  ND?H 8 vB  ND? 8   H% ?6 V Cap defined by EU Burden Sharing! 2!  H) ?z  JDifferent cap options (modeling, voluntary agreements, distance to target)K 2K,  H. ? x  m7Different cap options (Flat rate, sector specific caps)8 28  H`2 ?p  MDifferent Allocation options. Most likely: common formula + extra allocationN 2N  T5 ?9 Ref: Matthes, Oeko Institute , H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33   H'(  Hr H S LM(   p H HA ? H H ? GSource: ECOFYS, The BAU numbers are in most cases indicated in the National Allocation Plan. If BAU was not available in NAP, but needed to be derived from other sources, this is indicated by using an open circle, instead of a closed circle. If it was not possible to derive a BAU, no circle is given for that specific country."HG  H H 0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  L$(  Lr L S Lt   r L S    H L 0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  P$(  Pr P S ھt   r P S ھ   H P 0޽h ? Ƅ̙33&  8f(  8j 8 B ?B 8 C A ?r 8 S ־t   H 8 0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  ~` (   r   S Ǿt   d `  <A% ? H   0޽h ? Ƅ̙33П  xN) (  r  S t     </K  UPulverised coal plant$  <h5K D  S $   <9K CGas$  <=K A-$  < AKB Pfired CCGT plant$  <  C :'A@ ?  C :A@ @  C :A@ A  C :A@ B  C :wA@ C  C A@ D  C A@ E  C AX ^ @ F  C A!'@ G  C A@ H  C A I  <LG_ M(3) O&M expense" J  < Q "  K  < B33.1" L  < Q "  M  <  B33.1" N  <#d  Q "  O  <4(q %  G0.0( P  <|+ 1  W (  Q  <P- B21.7" R  <2 Q "  S  <7 B21.7" T  <T5 Q "  U  <?~ G0.0( V  <@Cf W ( @ W  C @ X  C @ Y  C @ Z  C @ [  C X @ \  C X ^ @ ]  C ^ !@ ^  C !'@ _  C '@ `  C @ a  C @ b  C @ c  C w@ d  C @ e  C @ f  C X ^ @ g  C !'@ h  C @ i  C  j  <dGX@  B(4=1" k  <O4d@  ?-" l  <DT\@  ?2" m  < X@  ?-" n  <[^@  N3) Energy sales " o  <`5 G  Dmargin" p  <d5   Q "  q  <i  B13.8" r  <m  Q "  s  <r  B31.9" t  <pvd  Q "  u  <`zQ M  H18.1( v  <}, P  W (  w  <  B13.5" x  <   Q "  y  <芼  B35.9" z  <0  Q "  {  <<  H22.4( |  <  W ( @ }  C @ ~  C @   C @   C @   C X @   C X ^ @   C ^ !@   C !'@   C '@   C @   C @   C @   C w@   C  @   C  @   C X ^ @   C !' @   C  @   C     <0 G  B(5) "   <   SNet purchases of CO2 "   < G,  H allowances"    <P i,  Q "    <.   A0.0"   <. }  Q "    <.  B33.1"   6T. d  Q "    6¼. Q M  H33.1(   6xƼ. , P  W (    6@ʼ. :   A0.0"   6ͼ. )  Q "    6Ҽ.   B17.5"   6м.   Q "    6Pڼ.   H17.5(   6ݼ.   W ( :   3   :   3   :   3   :   3   :   3  X :   3  X ^ :   3  ^ ! :   3  !' :   3  ' :   3   :   3   :   3   :   3  w :   3   :   3   :   3  X ^  :   3  !' :   3   :   3      6,' Gm  B(6=4"   6' 4  ?-"   6' \  Q5) Operating margin"   6' J  Q "    6'   B13.8"   6$'   Q "    6'  ?-"   6 '  A1.2"   6' X  Q "    6\' = m  E-(   6' f b  H15.1(   6' A e  W (    6' .  B13.5"   6' H  Q "    6$'   B18.4"   6('   Q "    6d-' ~  G4.9(   60' f  W ( :   3  % :   3  % :   3  % :   3  % :   3  X % :   3  X ^ % :   3  ^ !% :   3  !'% :   3  '% :   3  % :   3  % :   3  % :   3  w% :   3 %  :   3 %  :   3 % X ^ :   3 % !' :   3 %  :   3 %     6l9 G  O(7) Scarcity rent"   6H> j  Q "    6|B   B13.7"   6F   Q "    6K  B13.7"   6O d  Q "    6E q % |  G0.0(   6W 1 |  W (    6|[ .  B13.7"   6^ H  Q "    6b   B13.7"   6f   Q "    6k ~|  G0.0(   6n f|  W ( :   3   :   3   :   3   :   3   :   3  X :   3  X ^ :   3  ^ ! :   3  !' :   3  ' :   3   :   3   :   3   :   3  w :   3  o :   3  o :   3  X ^ o :   3  !'o :   3  o :   3  o    6xx G@  R(8=7+6) Total margin"   6d}x @  Q "    6x @  B27.5"   6؅x @  Q "    6x @  B12.4"   6x d @  Q "    60x = m %  E-(   6x f b %  H15.1(   6x A e %  W (    6Px .@  B27.2"   6x H@  Q "    6x @  B32.0"   6x @  Q "    6`x ~%  G4.9(   6бx f%  W ( :   3 o v :   3 o v :   3 o v :   3 o v :   3 o X v :   3 o X ^ v :   3 o ^ !v :   3 o !'v :   3 o 'v :   3 o v :   3 o v :   3 o v :   3 o wv :   3   :   3 v  :   3   :   3   :   3 v  :   3   :   3  X  :   3 v X ^  :   3  X ^  :   3  ^ ! :   3 v !' : !  3  !' : "  3  ' : #  3 v  : $  3   : %  3   : &  3 v  : '  3   : (  3  w  )  6t G Q " H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33&  <f(  <r < S 4-t   j < B ?B < C A ?j6H < 0޽h ? Ƅ̙33&  @f(  @r @ S h)t   j @ B ?eeB @ C A ?e'u)H @ 0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  B: (  x  c $$ta   j  B ?&&B  C A? B  Z  ? 41840p  H ?%pB  HD?pB  HD??s } ?   T# ?  41385pB  @ HD? vH  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  B(  r  S t     TA ? ?  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  JBp(  r  S t     T ?r *,$D0 ^Assume one time updating - pt+1 const A = 0 & only price increase A ->inf & only emission increase A positive & both price and emission increase* ,." O  TA ? ?r  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  ` 6(     TA ? ?0  r  S |t   l }    },$D0x2  H? ~2  N?  rB  BD? [ rB B BD?  v   H  ?}  Future allowance price also increases, enhancing the effect of updating on today s allowance price.ddH  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  TLP(  r  S t     T$ ?2 Assume A ->inf & government fixes allowance price Calculate E as function of fuel switching etc.cc U  TA ? ? QO R  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  <4@ D(  Dr D S ta   j D B ?&&B D C A? B D Z0 ? 41840p D H ?%pB D HD?pB D HD??s } ?  D T` ?  41385pB  D@ HD? vH D 0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  ia0 (  r  S (t   pB  HD? ._ pB  HD?%%   TP ?  ) >K1     T ?   ) >K2  vB   NDԔ?r [r pB   HDԔ?*`*jB   BD?*WW^ jB   BD?x l 4 E   4 E ,$D0x  H?  rB  BD? r   T į ?4  *  ZDmin    TLɯ ?% E  ZDmax  rB  BD?  v  N ? , v  N ? _7   THί ?Qq Zpmax    Tlӯ ?  @cm,2  pB  HDԔ? avr @ N ?p   TA ? ?%\^    Tׯ ?8oX < Fixed costs:   Tܯ ?/ O Zcf,1    TX ?/ c O Zcf,2  Ml p p,$D0  TA ? ?pXY 1  T ? (assume Dmax-Dmin=1)@   , H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33e      (  r  S <t     TA ? ?PD   TA ? ?U 8 $D0  TA ? ?  , 8 $D0  TA ? ?  # 8 $D0   TA ? ?U +l B p B  p,$D0  TA ? ?B ~ 8 $D0  T误 ?P p Wpt=ct6    TA ? ?@8 $D0  TA$ ? ? 8 $D0  TA ? ? ` ; 8 $D0H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  3+ (  r  S ,t     TA ? ?T8 $0l {X  X{,$D0  ZA ? ? X l  Z| ?{dS  4dK2 /d>0 -> dK1/d >0 ifV    ,   Tl ?#P ,$D 0 0Scarcity value of capacity decreasing. To ensure profitability of technology 1, dct/d > 0*\S ,P   H ? j,$D 0 Investment in both technologies is increased (while scarcity value positive) Allowance price and for dA/dct>0 emissions increase.,j ,e ,,H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33   #(  x  c $dt     TA ? ?T8 $0b  Zhh ?d{  2dK2 /d>0 -> dK1/d <0 ifV    , "  T`q ?#P  ,$D0 jScarcity value of capacity decreasing. dK2/d>0 dK1 /d <0 and d(K1 +K2)/d K 1+K 2>0 emissions increase dct/du > 0{*         b,${  H ?E j1,$D0 Low emission technology is displaces by high emission technology and total capacity increases. Allowance price and emissions are increased. ,,   TA! ? ?0  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  XP(  r  S 4Lt   J  3 A#?"   T_ ?t  ` Price reflects energy-weighted average wholesale power price across UK assuming a CO2 price of 10 /tonne. Source: ICF Consulting, March 2004. $#  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  6(  x  c $Pt   ~  s *Q  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  6(  x  c $Ht   ~  s *I  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33  6(  x  c $0Bt    ~  s *B  H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙33   $(  r  S pft  f r  S qf f H  0޽h ? Ƅ̙339x\ XWڞ3cƄd)M r]B%~˵SWBkqZbֵ{E֪UR[޶;3]i^%s93gyw\yה>O uA9/_r{7n)vk.@!PKz2x*@TojZ` 0Cc0`8P FF1X`0G`]1LD`*O4`:0 fM?s< X8 xh%Z ,Nˁ+6}@;8x? 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" #'*a(_\b$^W4kk8"2$ !zgMsgG8"b$Pq 29iD7*23$b$`3--|- ^l*-.$b$q#ѨI`Å$9,5b$mUےݓTA#:.b$O8:N)b  b$<0C3il 2$"]|a[ɺn o'2$ɰYǟ"52$>9qƯEެ;2$Y*12E;w Bb$ ͅ.=R e ?iO$$$b${bWy N,+b$+kڦ*o֏)$b$3\QsP +' Իb$`Cʃ` b$4=͆OPru? b$0 ) ~ɒ$LBb$H+BkSb$㈹DßNJ NCp*hb$ԧT>dxs-b$W(x ˌ < 0 L$b${[r y5i|b$E=5zYLzb$R<]Z75C $2$\u@ħRKN $b$ N[q Bn r2$ D+!% 0e0e     A@  A5% 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| ;5ev3x@,g4FdFdv 0ppp <4BdBd 0,<4!d!d 0,g4ddv 0pp0 pLuʚ;2Nʚ;<4dddd{ 0:2___PPT9/ 0?d PKarsten Neuhoff, University of CambridgeO ='_%Allocation of CO2 Emission Allowances&U&( POutlineCO2 emission reduction strategy Failure of voluntary commitments Effectiveness of price mechanism Separate environmental externalities from technology policy (learning externalities) The European Emission Trading Scheme Impact of updating (conditional allowance allocation) Impact of free allowance allocation to new entrants Border tax adjustment to allow auction of allowances and higher CO2 pricesh   ;)European strategy to reduce CO2 emissions$* 38Instrument I: Industry self regulation Example Germany9)21Development of Energy intensity from 1971 to 200022 2 4*^Instruments CO2 price & increasing energy costs$0 6=Implied CO2 price varies widely between sectors and countries54And inertia / transaction costs need to be addressedEU Commission Green Paper 2000: technical potential for improved energy efficiency of 40% EU Commission Green Paper: >18% potential for cost effective improvements*v2ZN=\Instrument CO2 price & changing relative costs$/  <*Technology cost reductions with deploymentZTechnology Policy  separate from CO2 trading$.$ Renewable contribution Quotas EU commitment: 13.9% (97 ) to 22% (10 ) Implemented using national policy So far only feed in delivered (DK, D, ES) Some renewable RDD programs Transport of energy / transport fuel H2, 2 bil.Euro in 6th framework/ in US $1.7 bil. Carbon Sequestration/nuclear perceived as marginal Public concerns about leakage|A13|A3 ,#S!Emission Trading Scheme and Kyoto@"bETS independent of Kyoto entering into force ETS set up to comply with Kyoto targets Russian signature (seems quite secure) Would start Kyoto Will Russia/Ukraine oversupply? CO2 allowance trade only at state level Review if member state import more than 6% of allowances. Limit imports to keep carbon price up US participation would increase carbon priceH|-|4-%The ETS System: A Four Level Approach%CAverage cap and BAU emissions compared to Kyoto commitment for 2006&Issues about the NAPsIncentive for countries to allocate more rights Value of rights for national industry/auction Impact on EU emission price -> cost of inappropriate adjustment Objective of Commission to implement mechanism on time (January 2005)60nF0nF'Allocation plansHPolitical economy  buy in of companies SO2/NOx: In US  lump sum to incumbents. CO2: higher value + politicians equity concern Explicit updating NAPs defined till 2007, Kyoto till 2012 Implicit updating regarding future allocation New Entrant provisions Regional competition or Coal support?(.&*",(.& ,,c!%Empirical - Impact of CO2 allowances$&  O5Comparing marginal costs of coal and gas-fired plant 64!N2Net cashflow impact with auctioned emission rights '"+UK - change of CO2 emission with regulation$,#+UK - change of SO2 emission with regulation$,G4UK - cost of implementing Carbon Constraint - StaticCImpact of updating IDOne time updatingEContinuous updatingF Quantification of CO2 constraint$! $/Cost of implementing Carbon Constraint - StaticH(Allocation of Allowances to new entrantsI'Impact of the amount of free allocationJGovernment strict on quotaKGovernment stabilises priceL1Impact of Allocation Rules on UK Wholesale Prices?/Impact of competing countries not participatingConcerns for competitiveness of EU industry Could particularly affect location decisions Hence provisions for allocation of allowances to new entrants in NAPs (for 2005-2007) Distortions of technology choice (Germany) Distortions of location choice (between countries) Long-term commitment reduces policy options How many reserves to retain for entrants? Updating provisions  reduce effectiveness6++@)Requirement to implement stringent policyEEmission trading only works if No updating: allowance price=opportunity cost Minimise allocation to new entrants EU Energy intensive industry will lobby against high CO2 prices if they are unilateral US Energy intensive industry will increase lobby against CO2 constraints if they can free ride We need border tax adjustmentZRR7ZBA-Border Tax Adjustment for CO2 allowance costs$.~Reimburse exporter for allowance costs Add import tax for avoided CO2 allowance costs Allows for internalisation of externalities Treatment similar to value added tax Other regions can apply it (e.g. Canada) But product not process based Focus on energy intensive component Small transaction costs Based on best available technology Simple monitoring / tariff setting WTO compatible|ZGZ$Z^ZZDbG$^M Conclusion ETS in place and starting January 2005 Covers emissions from large installations Technology policy separate (and needs to be) To get industry buy in: Free allocation Politicians then required Updating New entrant allocation Result are likely Allowance prices look higher -> don t be fooled! Distortions in investment decisions. Border tax adjustment could allow for higher CO2 price levels.:V?:V.  2*  ( w l  C e p     HDf ?% Y  R Karsten Neuhoff$   H k ?@ Pt  IUniversity of Cambridge8    B8A ? t   T o ?O \The Cambridge-MIT Institute$5e  TImplied CO2 price varies widely between sectors and countries5And inertia / transaction costs need to be addressed/Instrument CO2 price changing relative costs+Technology cost reductions with deployment.Technology Policy separate from CO2 trading"Emission Trading Scheme and Kyoto&The ETS System: A Four Level ApproachDAverage cap and BAU emissions compared to Kyoto commitment for 2006Issues about the NAPsAllocation plans&Empirical - Impact of CO2 allowances6Comparing marginal costs of coal and gas-fired plant 3Net cashflow impact with auctioned emission rights,UK - change of CO2 emission with regulation,UK - change of SO2 emission with regulation5UK - cost of implementing Carbon Constraint - StaticImpact of updating IOne time updatingContinuous updating!Quantification of CO2 constraint0Cost of implementing Carbon Constraint - Static)Allocation of Allowances to new entrants(Impact of the amount of free allocationGovernment strict on quotaGovernment stabilises price2Impact of Allocation Rules on UK Wholesale Prices0Impact of competing countries not participating*Requirement to implement stringent policy.Border Tax Adjustment for CO2 allowance costs Conclusion  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles%'_Karsten NeuhoffKarsten Neuhoff